Salts.

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An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is called brine. When electricity is passed through brine, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor- alkali process because of the products formed-chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. Chlorine gas is given off at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode. So totally three products are produced in this process. One is a sodium hydroxide another two are chlorine gas and hydrogen gas.

2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ----> 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g)+H2(g)

1.What is brine?

2. What is the electrolysis of brine called?

3. Explain chloro-alkali process.

4. How many products are formed in chlor- alkali process.

5. Mention the three important products produced in chlor-alkali process.

6. Are all the three products produced in chloro-alkali process useful? Why?

7. Mention the two gases produced during chlor-alkali process. 

8. What is the common name of caustic soda?

9. What is the common name of potassium hydroxide?

10. What is the common name of sodium carbonate?

11. What is the common name of sodium hydroxide?

12. What is the common name of silver nitrate?

13. Which is the gas used for the manufacture of bleaching powder that is

produced during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride?

14. What is the molecular formula of slaked lime?

15. How is bleaching powder produced?

16 How is bleaching powder represented as?

17. Write the chemical equation that represents the production of bleaching powder by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime.

18. What are the uses of bleaching powder?

19. What is sodium bicarbonate commonly known as?

20. What is sodium hydrogen carbonate commonly known as?

21. What is the chemical name of baking soda?

22. Where and why is baking soda commonly used? 

23. What is the molecular formula of sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda or sodium bicarbonate is?

24. Which salt is used to produce baking soda as one of the raw materials? 

Or

Name the salt that is used to produce baking soda as one of the raw materials.

25 What is the molecular formula of ammonium chloride?

26. Write the chemical equation that represents the production of sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate or baking soda.

27. Why is baking soda used to neutralise an acid? 

28. What is the molecular formula of sodium carbonate?

29. Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction that takes place when sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate or baking soda is heated during cooking.

30. What are the uses of baking soda?

31. What is baking powder?

32. Write the chemical equation that represents the reaction which takes place when baking powder is heated or mixed in water.

33. Why is bread or cake tends to become soft and spongy on adding baking powder?

34 Why is sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate or baking soda used to neutralise excess acid in the stomach and to get relief?

35 Which chemical substance is used in soda acid fire extinguishers?

36. Name the two sodas that can be obtained from sodium chloride.

37. How is sodium carbonate obtained from baking soda?

38 How do we get washing soda?

39 Write the chemical equation that represents the reaction to obtain washing soda from sodium carbonate.

40. What is the molecular formula of washing soda?

Answers:-

1.An aqueous solution of sodium chloride is called brine. 

2. chlor- alkali process. 

3.When electricity is passed through brine, it decomposes to form sodium hydroxide. The process is called the chlor- alkali process because of the products formed-chlor for chlorine and alkali for sodium hydroxide. Chlorine gas is given off at the anode and hydrogen gas at the cathode.

4. 3

5. Sodium hydroxide(aq) 

    chlorine 

    hydrogen

6. Yes. 

sodium hydroxide is used to produce soaps, rayon, paper, products that explode, dyes, and petroleum products. Other tasks that may use sodium hydroxide include processing cotton fabric, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extraction.

Chlorine gas is used for the manufacture of bleaching powder. 

Hydrogen is used in the hydrogenation of oils to obtain vegetable ghee.)

(Sodium hydroxide- It is used in the manufacturing of paper. Chlorine - It is used to make plastics , pesticides chlorofluorocarbon , chloroform carbon tetrachloride, Paints e.t.c. Hydrogen- It is used in the hydrogenation of oils to obtain vegetable ghee.)

7. Chlorine and hydrogen.

8. sodium hydroxide

9. The common name of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is caustic potash.

10. The common name of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is soda ash. 

11. Caustic soda is the common name for sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

12. Lunar caustic is the common name given to silver nitrate (AgNO3).

13. Chlorine.

14 Ca(OH)2

15. Bleaching powder is produced by the action of chlorine on dry slaked lime Ca(OH)2

16. Bleaching powder is represented as CaOCl2.

17 Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 —--> CaOCl2 + H2O

18. Bleaching powder is used – 

     i) for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry. 

    ii) for bleaching wood pulp in paper factories. 

   iii) for bleaching washed clothes in laundry. 

   iv) as an oxidizing agent in many chemical industries. 

   v) to make drinking water free from germs.

19. Sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as baking soda. 

20. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is commonly known as baking soda.

21. The chemical name of baking soda is sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate.

22. The baking soda is commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras, etc. Sometimes it is added for faster cooking.

23. The molecular formula of sodium hydrogen carbonate or baking soda or sodium bicarbonate is NaHCO3.

24. Sodium chloride. (NaCl)

25. NH4Cl

 

26. NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 —--> NH4Cl + NaHCO3.

27. Baking soda is used to neutralise an acid because it is a mild non-corrosive basic salt.

28. The molecular formula of sodium carbonate is Na2CO3.

29. 2NaHCO3 —--> Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

30. Baking soda is used–

     i) for making baking powder.

    ii) as an ingredient in antacids.

    iii) to neutralise excess acid in stomach as it neutralises excess acid and provides relief. 

    iv) it is also used in soda acid fire extinguishers.

31. Baking powder is a mixture of baking soda and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid.

32. NaHCO3 + H+ —----> CO2 + H2O + Sodium salt of acid.

 (H+ from any acid)

33. Bread or cake tends to become soft and spongy on adding baking powder because carbon dioxide is produced when baking powder is heated or mixed in water which can cause bread or cake to rise making them soft and spongy.

34. Sodium hydrogen carbonate, or sodium bicarbonate or baking soda is used to neutralise excess acid in the stomach and to get relief because it is alkaline in nature.

35. Baking soda or sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate, (NaHCO3)

36. The two sodas that can be obtained from sodium chloride are baking soda and washing soda.

37. Sodium carbonate is obtained from baking soda by heating it.

38. Sodium carbonate is obtained from baking s

oda by heating it. Recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda. *It is also a basic salt.*

39. Na2CO3 + 10H2O —--> Na2CO3.10H2O

40. Na2CO3 . 10 H20.